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There are 9 parts of this thesis: from 0 to 8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- A Grammar of Garadjari, Western Australia by Anna Kristina Sands 1989 Bachelor of Arts Thesis Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200 APPENDIX - SAMPLE TEXTS Text 1 - Funeral Oration. gala nadja gunagardi mulal njangunja ngaidjulu // maba djar ayadja // then here end not see I-erg // turn (change) // gala nadja guna-gardi mulal njangu-nja ngayidju-lu // maba djara-ya-dja // so here end-ALL not see-(AUG)-1 Pl S I-ERG // turn become(AUX)-3 Pl S-1 Sg D well this is the end. I shan't see ( you any more ) Turn away. Well, here we are towards 1 the end. I will not see you ( any more). Turn away from me. ngaidjulu mulal njanganja njundu // njundulu mulal ngaidju // gala I-erg not see you // you-erg not I // so ngayidju-lu 2 mulal njanga-nja njundu // njundu-lu mulal ngayidju // gala I-ERG not see(AUG)-PRES 1 Sg S you // you-ERG not I // so I shan't see you. You don't see me. I will not see you. You will not see me. nadja gunagardi maba djar iguliwarnunggu // gala yaganjar a // here end we- // so leave you, say goodbye nadja guna-gardi maba djari-gu-li-warnungku // gala yaga-nja-ra // here end-ALL turn become(AUX)-FUT-1 Du S-REFL D // so leave-PRES 1 Sg S- COMP Well, this is the end. ?? Let us turn away from one another. And so (I) leave you. 3 So here we are towards the end. Let's turn away from each other. And so I leave. yagalanja mulal djingalanjangu // yagalanja // leave me don't come after me // leave me // yaga-la-nja mulal djinga-la-nja-gu // yaga-la-nja // leave-IRR-1 Sg O not pursue-IRR-1 Sg O-PURP // leave-IRR-1 Sg O // (you ? ) leave ( me, us ? ). Don't pursue ( me ) ? leave ( me, us ) Leave me ! 4 Do not follow me . Leave me.! mulal walimalandjinjagu djarun // don't go after another fellow another fellow // mulal wali ma-la-djinjagu djarun // not follow(AUX)-IRR-3 Pl D 5 others // Don't injure them other folk. Do not go after the other fellows. yagaladjinjagu maba djar aya 6 nganjagu // gala njundu rawar i 7// leave him don't look back 8 no follow // now you dead // yaga-la-djinjagu maba djara-ya-nganjagu // gala njundu rawari // leave-IRR-3 Pl D turn become(AUX)-IRR-1 Pl D // so you dead // Leave them alone. ?? Turn away from us ! So you are dead. Leave them ! Turn away from us ! So you are dead. ngarda gar igunja // yagalanganjinja nadjangga // njundu say goodbye 9 leave everybody here-at you ngarda gari-gu-nja // yaga-la-nganjinja nadja-ngka // separate(AUX-CONT)-FUT-1 Pl O // leave-IRR-1 Pl O here-LOC // Let us (pl) go seperate ways. ( you ) leave us here alone. 10 Let us go seperate ways. Leave us here. garmininggardi yara // mabugardi yara // cold country go away // good-for away // garmining-gardi ya-ra // mabu-gardi ya-ra // cold country-ALL go-IRR // good-ALL go-IRR // You shall 11 go to the cold country. Go to the good-country. Go to the cold-country ! Go to the good country ! mabu ngaba mabu mai mabu gui // good water good food good animal // mabu ngaba mabu mayi mabu guyi // good water good vegetable good meat // good water, good vegetables , good animals. good water, good vegetables, good animal food. libindamar a // galaya // mulal yalinggu njanganja sky higher than the stars // enough // not come back see libindamara // galaya // mulal yaling-gu njanga-nja heaven // enough // not more-DAT see(AUG)-FUT 1 Sg S "heaven". 12 So Don't watch ( us ) any more. "heaven". So don't see / watch us any more. Text 2 - djarndu marungu gudjara djarndu waradja marungu // kangudjinja female man 2 female 1 man // carrying djarndu marungu gudjara djarndu waradja marungu // ga-ngu-djinja female man two female one man // carry-PAST-3 Pl O ( There were ) woman ( and ) man, - two women ( and ) one man. There were women and men, two women and one man. marimarilu // wurdunga djurar gurndu kangudjinja // marimari // deep 13 water shoulder carry // marimari-lu // wurdu-ngka djurar gurndu ga-ngu-djinja // Marimari-ERG // big-LOC saltwater shoulder carry-PAST-3 Pl O // Marimari ( a man ) carried them over a big sea. He carried them on his shoulder. Marimari carried them to a big sea, he carried them on his shoulder. kurndu marungu // djalarnda kudjara djarndu // shoulder man // under arms 2 women // gurndu 14 marungu // djalarnda gudjara djarndu // shoulder man // under arms two woman // ( He put ) the two women under his arms. the man on his shoulder, 15 the two women under his arms. karibila djainju djinja gudji // ngura kurgadjarngu djinanguru stand up standing foot 16 // land come out of it foot land 17 garibila djai-nju-djinja-gudji // ngura gurga dja-rnu djina-nguru standing come(AUX)-PAST-3 PL O-then // land arise(AUX)-PAST foot-PERL He stood up therewith. Earth rose up under his feet. thereupon he stood them up. The earth rose up from under his feet ginjanga ngura kurgadjarngu ngura // him land come out land // ginjangka ngura gurga dja-rnu ngura // that land arise(AUX)-PAST land // That earth rose up That earth rose up djina nguru ngura gurgadjarnu kaningu // djainju // foot land land come out underneath (foot) // he sit down now // djina-nguru ngura gurga dja-rnu gani-ngu // djayi-nju // foot-PERL land arise(AUX)-PAST under-ABL // come-PAST // under his feet, the earth rose up from below. He kept on going. 18 from his feet the earth rose up from below. He came to wurdu ngura djarnu marimarilu // big land put him down by marimari // wurdu ngura dja-rnu marimari-lu // big land put-PAST Marimari-ERG // A great earth Marimari made. 19 a big land made by Marimari. djinirnudjina waraingardi ginjanga guragardilu he put them down go home him his home djini-rnu-djinja warain-gardi ginjanga-gura-gardi-lu put down-PAST-3 Pl O one-ALL he-POSS-ALL-ERG He set them down to another place belonging to him 20 He put them down at another place while going to his place. kulbainju yalinj gulbainj // wurdu ngura baramirdi come back comeback // big land a man (?) gulbayi-nju yalinj gulbayi-nju // wurdu ngura baramardi return-PAST more return-PAST // big land unknown He got up. It came back again, it came ( that ) great earth, it came back. It came back again, the big earth came back. It's unknown who, ngardulu djingarnu ngardulu djingarnu marimari somebody apart kill kill marimari ngardu-lu djinga-rnu ngardu-lu djinga-rnu marimari somebody-ERG kill-PAST somebody-ERG kill-PAST marimari Who struck it ? Who struck it? Marimari 21 somebody killed him , somebody killed Marimari ngabagu karlinjura bi(r)di // djingarnu yarndarn(g)u galaya water while digging hole // kill spear him enough ngaba-gu garli-nju-ra birdi // djinga-rnu yarnda-rnu galaya water-DAT dig-PAST-COMP hole // kill-PAST spear-PAST then struck for water, he dug a hole. 22 ( while ? 23 ) digging for water. He killed him, he speared him and then dialu yarndarnu mirlindju // galaya dialu baramidi 24 // diar spear him with a spear // enough diar don't know // diya-lu yarnda-rnu mirlin-dju // galaya diya-lu baramidi // diar-ERG spear-PAST spear-ERG // enough diar-ERG unknown // the diar speared him with a spear. Now, the diar ( somebody ? ) 25 djarla rawari 26 djarla wanardi // nadja wanardi guru walja // now dead now stopping // here stopping up in the sky // djarla rawari djarla wandardi // nadja wanardi guruwalja now dead now staying // here staying sky Now he is dead. Now he stays here, staying up in the sky. mulal mundju nadja mangaban // baramidi 27 // not lying here wallaby // don't know // mulal mundju nadja mangaban // baramidi not lying ? here wallaby // unknown It is not lying here, the wallaby. It's unknown. balaya ginja 28 yandarn marimari // marimari yarndarnu // there him speared one // // balaya ginja yanda-rnu marimari..// marimari yarnda-rnu // there he spear-PAST marimari // marimari spear-PAST // He speared Marimari. He speared Marimari. balaya ginja wanardi wandjagardi wanardayangala // there him stopping looking around stopping interog. // balaya ginja wanardi wandja-gardi wanarda-ya-ngala // there he staying where-ALL staying-3 Pl S-might // He was staying there. Where might he be ? galaya balaya wanardi biljurmarda ginjanga nadja wanardi enough there stopping spirit that's him here stopping galaya balaya wanardi biljurmarda ginjangka nadja wanardi enough there staying spirit he here staying he was staying there as a spirit, he was staying there rawari dji kulbanju ngura gardi ginjangagura ngura // dead born come back land for his for land // rawari dji gulbayi-nju ngura-gardi ginjangka-gura ngura // dead ? return-PAST land-ALL he-POSS land // dead. He came back to the land - his land. yalinj kulbanju warainj ngura djanda marayangala want(?) come back his own land another yalinj gulbayi-nju warainj ngura djanda maraya-ngala more return-PAST another land ? AUX-might he came back again to another land he might have made ? / tried to make ? 29 1 Note that the Allative case here suggests that it is coming towards the end rather than being at the end already. The fact that the speaker is talking to the 'dead' also suggests that the end has not been reached yet. Note, that while Laves omits the allative case in his gloss in this case, in other spots he indicates the allative by 'for'. 2 Laves does not have a [y] between the consonant cluster [ ai] here but I do. This is established as a sequence of [ ayi] phonologically, rather than the plain [ ai] because of alternations that regularly occur in the texts such as : guyi gui 'animal' waiyini waini 'frightened' Alternations such as these suggest that there are actually no vowel clusters in the language and the clusters that Laves writes are phonetic alternations of a phonemic semivowel intervocalically. 3 Note that while Laves translates this with an uncertain 'I' as subject and a certain 'you' as object, the text actually has a first person singular subject but no object. 4 Here we have an imperative in the text with the irrealis inflection. Laves, in this case does not seem to realise that this is an imperative as he tries to add the subject. 5 Note that the choice of lexical items here 'pursue' and 'follow' are totally arbitrary. 6 Here Laves leaves a gap, ie. makes a seperate word of one of the subject / object cross-referencing suffixes. Though he does this sometimes, it is not often enough to warrant stating that the cross-referencing suffixes are actually clitics. Note that regardless of whether he leaves a gap or not, the cross-referencing suffixes always immediately follow the verb and inflection. 7 See note 26. 8 We can see the inconsistencies in Laves glosses if we compare his gloss of maba djaraya here, ie. 'don't look back' with his gloss above, ie. 'turn ( change)'. 9 Other texts establish that the noun ngarda means 'seperate', ie. 'in different spots' and has nothing to do with saying 'goodbye'. 10 While Laves translates this as 'leave us alone' there is nothing elsewhere in the texts to indicate that this has the 'alone', as elsewhere yaga- always means to 'leave something somewhere' and not 'in peace' as the 'alone' here implies. 11 As in note 4 this represents the imperative here and therefore should not have a subject. 12 The translation 'heaven' is simply the closest English interpretation of the concept. Of course, the Aboriginal concept is nothing like the English 'heaven'. 13 Laves' gloss as 'deep' here is probably based on the fact that he is talking about water, as elsewhere the word wurdu has nothing whatsoever to do with depth, ony with size. 14 We can see here the alternation that occurs between voiced and voiceless stops if we compare this to the example of the same word g/kurndu in the previous sentence. 15 Laves appears to ignore this short clause about how Marimari carried the man. 16 This is not an example of the word 'foot' as it has a laminal rather than apical nasal, but rather it is an example of the third person plural object cross-reference marker. Laves appears to have confused this several times in this text. As a result he translates this as Marimari standing up, ( note that Marimari was already standing up, having carried these people here ) rather than him standing up the people he was carrying, ie. putting them down on the ground. 17 As with 'foot' and the object marker, Laves often gets confused between the word for 'land', which ends in an [ a] and the perlative case, which ends in an [ u]. From this it appears that he made up the glosses himself, and where he did not know what the word actually was tried to associate it with the closest word he did know. 18 Where Laves got this translation from is unknown. He glosses this as 'sitting down', but translates it as 'gong on'. Djayi- clearly means to come somewhere in all other texts. 19 Laves, by not calling this a relative clause, loses continuity in his translation. By translating this as a relative clause, the continuity of the story is maintained. 20 This is one of Laves' earlier texts and the first example of the 'ergative construction'. At this stage it seems that Laves had not yet recognised it for what it was and tries to make an entire word of guragardilu meaning 'home'. 21 Although there is no ergative suffix on Marimari here, Laves has made this the subject of the transitive verb that follows rather than the object of 'kill' as it clearly is . 22 At this stage Laves loses his way and his translation of the text ends. 23 Although there is no trace of the ergative 'while ' construction here ( see chapter 6 ) it seems that this may represent consecutive action. 24 See note 27. 25 I am not sure what this sentence means. 26 We can see the inconsistencies in Laves' rhotics if we compare rawari here with the same word in the first text. In this example we have two plain rhotics, whereas in text 1 we have a plain rhotic and an italicised rhotic. Note that text 1 here is one of his later texts whereas text 2 is one of his earliest before he used italicises rhotics. 27 We can see the inconsitencies in Laves' rhotics by comparing this example of baramidi which has a rhotic with a dot underneath whereas in the previous sentence we have no dot for the same word. 28 The form ginja seems to be a short rare form of the third person singular pronoun. This is the only text in which it occurs. 29 I am not sure of the translation that should be here. We have an auxiliary verb phrase as outlined in 5.5.1, however what it means is unclear. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- end of file