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[This version: 4 August 1993]
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File 0. There are 9 parts of this thesis:  from 0 to 8
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A Grammar of Garadjari, Western Australia
by Anna Kristina Sands

1989

Bachelor of Arts Thesis

Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts
Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200


TABLE OF CONTENTS


1  Introduction	5
	1.1	Relation to Other Languages	5
	1.2	Previous Work	5
	1.3	Laves' Texts	6
	1.4	Problems	7
	1.5	Representation of the Texts	7
2  Phonology		8
	2.1	Phonemes	8
		2.1.1	Consonants	8
		2.1.2	Vowels	10
	2.2	Allophonic Variation	10
	2.3	Phonotactics		11
		2.3.1	Word Initial	11
		2.3.2	Word Final	11
		2.3.3	Consonant Clusters	12
	2.4	Morphophonemic Variation	13
3  Nominal Morphology	14
	3.1	Inflection		14
		3.1.1	Absolutive	14
		3.1.2	Ergative	15
		3.1.3	Dative	16
		3.1.4	Locative	18
		3.1.5	Instrumental	21
		3.1.6	Allative	21
		3.1.7	Ablative	26
		3.1.8	Peraltive	26
	3.2	Nominal Suffixes	27
		3.2.1	-rangu	27
		3.2.2	-walji	28
		3.2.3	-gara	28
		3.2.4	-gadja	29
		3.2.5	-gura	29
		3.2.6	-ba	30


	3.3	Personal Pronouns	30
		3.3.1	Absolutive - Ergative	31
		3.3.2	Dative	33
		3.3.3	Locative	33
		3.3.4	Possessive	34
4  Verbal Morphology		35
	4.1	Root Structure	35
	4.2	Conjugations	39
	4.3	Transitivity	40
	4.4	Verb Derivation	42
	4.5	Verbal Inflections	44
		4.5.1	Past	44
		4.5.2	Future	44
		4.5.3	Present	45
		4.5.4	Irrealis	46
		4.5.5	Negative Imperative	47
		4.5.6	Continuative	48
	4.6	Cross-Referencing Suffixes	49
		4.6.1	Subject	51
		4.6.2	Object	53
		4.6.3	Dative	54
		4.6.4	Benefactive	55
		4.6.5	Reflexive / Reciprocal	56
	4.7	Other Suffixes	57
		4.7.1	-nba / -nma	57
		4.7.2	-ni	58
		4.7.3	-gudji	59
		4.7.4	-ra	60
		4.7.5	-ngala	61
		4.7.6	-nnga	62
		4.7.7	-gu	62
		4.7.8	-la	64
	4.8	Order of the Suffixes	65
5  Syntax		68
	5.1	Word Order	68
	5.2	Missing Constituents	69


	5.3	Noun Phrases	70
		5.3.1	Possessive Noun Phrases	70
			5.3.1.1	Alienable	70
			5.3.1.2	Inalienable	71
		5.3.2	Adjectives	72
		5.3.3	Co-ordinated Noun Phrases	73
		5.3.4	Demonstratives	74
		5.3.5	Relative Clauses	74
		5.3.6	Case Marking and Noun Phrases	75
	5.4	Clause Types		77
		5.4.1	Intransitive	77
		5.4.2	Transitive	77
		5.4.3	Verbless	78
			5.4.3.1	Existential	78
			5.4.3.2	Locational	78
			5.4.3.3	Possessive	79
			5.4.3.4	Equational	79
		5.4.4	Negatives	80
		5.4.5	Questions	81
	5.5	Verb Phrases	83
		5.5.1	Auxiliary	83
		5.5.2	Causative	84
		5.5.3	Adverbial Phrases	85
			5.5.3.1	Time	85
			5.5.3.2	Manner	85
			5.5.3.3	Place	86
		5.5.4	Purposive Clause	86
		5.5.5	Potential Clause	87
	5.6	Sentence Co-ordination	87
6  A Couple of Problems	89
	6.1	The Suffix -la	89
		6.1.1	Discourse Connective	89
		6.1.2	Tense / Aspect Suffix	90
		6.1.3	Cross-Referencing Marker	92
		6.1.4	Origins of -la	100


	6.2	The Ergative Construction or Double Case Marking	103
		6.2.1	Function of Cases	104
		6.2.2	Double Case Marking	104
		6.2.3	The Situation in Garadjari	105
		6.2.4	Adnominal Function of Case	105
		6.2.5	Referential Function of Case	107
		6.2.6	A Solution	108
Appendix				112
Bibliography			123
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