\ft warIngkanyi
\or
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recording: warringkanyi
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg dry (for water) (i.e. thirsty)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Osborne 1966:1
”warrinjijbaya ”wabudanya
thirsts water-for
He’s thirsty for water.
\ncos
\na warring-kanyi
\ncna
\ng be thirsty-INF
\ncng -(j)kanyi is the infinitive inflection for the J conjugation of verbs (Belfrage
1992:46) (The brackets indicate varying pronunciation (Belfrage 1992:47, note
1)). It is unusual for a verb to be given in an infinitive form, as the unmarked
inflection is the cititation form for Garawa verbs (Belfrage 1992:54).
\ncng Translation: "to be thirsty"
\ft ’bI”lingba
\or ’bI”lingba(2)
\ncr ’bI”lingba ("flint's transcription" field): standard orthography based on
the recording: bilinba (see "other recordings" field)
\sd verbs and sentences (also adjectives)
\ncft
\fg the skin swells up, swollen
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:6: bilyinba (refl verb) (“swell”)
\ncos
\na biling-ba
\ncna
\ng swell-UNM
\ncng Translation: "it swells"
\ft na”rabaya ngamulun
\or na”rabaya; na”rabaya(2); na”rabaya(3); ngamulun(2)
\ncr na”rabaya (all utterances): standard orthography based on the recordings:
ngarabaya.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg suck the breast (to suck the breast)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:55: ngaraba (trans verb) (“drink”)
Belfrage 1997:55: ngaraba (refl verb) (“open,like eye, mouth”)
\ncos
\os Belfrage 1997:54: ngamulu (noun) (“1. breast; 2. milk”)
\ncos
\os Osborne 1966:5:
”barriwa ”janga ”naraba ”wabudan
now ? drink-? water
I’m drinking water.
\na ngara-ba=ya ngamulun-[ ]
\ncna
\ng drink-UNM=YA breastmilk-NOM
\ncng See note on =YA in “Garawa Grammar”
\ncng Translation: ??“to drink breastmilk”
\ft ko”kiiba
\or ko”kiiba(2)
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recordings: kukijba. See note on vowel
glide allophones in "Garawa Phonemes and Orthography".
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg urinate (to urinate)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os
\ncos
\na kuki-jba
\ncna
\ng urinate-UNM
\ncng Translation: “to urinate”
\ft ”yidInba
\or ”yidInba(2), ”yidInba(3)
\ncr ”yidInba (all utterances): informant’s pronunciation approaches nyidinyba.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg do excrement
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os
\ncos
\na nyidin-ba
\ncna
\ng do excrement-UNM
\ncng Translation: “to do excrement”
\ft ”balungba
\or ”balungba(2), ”balungba(3), ”balungba(4), ”balungba [….]
\ncr ”balungba(2) was spoken by Informant 2.
\ncr ”balungba [….] was not written down, but has been included here for
completeness.
\ncr ”balungba (all utterances): The informant’s pronunciation seems closer to
balunba
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg vomit (to vomit)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os
\ncos
\na balun-ba
\ncna
\ng vomit-UNM
\ncng Translation: “to vomit”
\ft ngai ba”ngayu
\or
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recording: najba ngayu. See note on vowel
glide allophones in “Garawa Phonemes and Orthography”.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg see (I see)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Osborne 1966:3
”naIjba ”kingkarri ”dadbuna
see-? on top hill-at
I saw him on the hill.
\ncos
\os Belfrage 1997:51: najba (trans verb) (“see”)
\ncos
\na na-jba ngayu
\ncna
\ng see-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I see”
\ft manku n”ayu
\or manku
\ncr The actual process of eliciting this word was not recorded (the recording
is of Flint and the informants going back through the already-elicited words).
In the recording, the informant first gives manku. He then gives manku nayu in
response to Flint’s prompting from his already-elicited list.
\ncr nayu ("flint's transcription" field): The informant’s pronunciation sounds
like ngayu
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft Flint’s original transcription has both mankun”ayu and mangkun”ayU. The
former transcription has been used, based on the informant’s pronunciation of
the word-medial nasal in manku (n rather than ng).
\fg hear (to hear)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:43: manku (trans verb) (“1. hear; 2. listen”)
\ncos
\na manku-[ ] ngayu
\ncna
\ng hear-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I hear”
\ft jarbangayu maman
NOTE: There is no recording which corresponds exactly to this transcription. See
"other recordings" field
\or jarbangayu
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recording: jarrba ngayu
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg jarbangayu maman
NO GLOSS food
\ncfg
\fft eat food (to eat)
\ncfft
\os
\ncos
\na jarr-ba ngayu maman-[ ]
\ncna
\ng eat-UNM 1sg.subj food-NOM
\ncng Translation: “I eat food”
\ft ”bIling ba ng”ayu
NOTE: There is no recording which corresponds exactly to this transcription. See
"other recordings" field
\or "bIlingba(3)
\ncr
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg swallow (to swallow)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:6: bilyinba (trans verb) (“to swallow”)
\ncos
\na biling-ba ngayu
\ncna
\ng swallow-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I swallow”
\ft ngayu bang”ayu ”wabuda
NOTE: There is no recording which corresponds to this transcription. See "other
recordings" field.
\or wabuda ngayu ngaraba
\ncr The actual process of eliciting this item was not recorded (the recording
is of Flint and the informants going back through the already-elicited words).
On the recording, the informant first gives wabuda ngayu ngaraba (see "other
recordings" field above). This evidently differs from what Flint wrote during
the earlier elicitation. Flint reads out his original transcription: ngayu
bang”ayu ”wabuda, and both informants agree that this is correct. I assume that
Flint’s transcription actually corresponds to ngaraba ng”ayu ”wabuda, and have
adopted this spelling the \na field.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg
\ncfg
\fft drink water
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:55: ngaraba (trans verb) (“drink”)
\ncos
\os Osborne 1966:5:
”barriwa ”janga ”naraba ”wabudan
now ? drink-? water
I’m drinking water.
\ncos
\na ngara-ba ngayu wabuda-[ ]
\ncna
\ng drink-UNM 1sg.subj water-NOM
\ncng Translation: “I drink water”
\ft ja”bulaba ”ngayu
\or ja”bulaba; ja”bulaba(2)
\ncr ja”bulaba (all utterances): The second b of this word is lenited in some of
the utterances. See Note 2 in "Flint's Phonological Notes on Garawa and
Yanyula".
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg spit (to spit)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os
\ncos
\na jabula-ba ngayu
\ncna
\ng spit-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I spit”
\ft ngayu kindibaya
\or
\ncr
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg sweat ( I sweat)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:31: kirndiba (or jindiba) (intrans verb) (“sweat”)
\ncos
\na ngayu kirndi-ba=ya
\ncna
\ng 1sg.subj sweat-UNM=YA
\ncng see note on =YA in “Garawa Grammar”
\ncng Translation: “I sweat”. It is interesting to note the contrast between the
entries ”ngayu ”kindibaya (“I sweat”) and kindibangayu (“to sweat). It seems
that, in citiation form, the 1sg pronoun does not contribute its meaning when it
follows the verb.
\ft kindibangayu
\or
\ncr Informant’s pronunciation approaches kirndibangayu (see "other sources"
field)
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg sweat (to sweat)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:31: kirndiba (or jindiba) (intrans verb) (“sweat”)
Belfrage 1997:21: jindiba (or kirndiba) (noun) (“sweat”)
\ncos
\na kirndi-ba ngayu
\ncna
\ng sweat-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I sweat”. However, it is interesting to note the contrast
between the entries ”ngayu ”kindibaya (“I sweat”) and kindibangayu (“to sweat).
It seems that, in citiation form, the 1sg pronoun does not contribute its
meaning when it follows the verb.
\ft kIndibangayu dukukumba naka
NOTE: There is no recording which corresponds exactly to this transcription. See
"other recordings" field
\or dukukumba naka; dukukumba
\ncr naka: Informant’s pronunciation sounds like ngaka.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg kIndibangayu dukukumba naga
sweating dry, wipe myself
\ncfg
\fft I wipe sweat from myself
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:31: kirndiba (or jindiba) (intrans verb) (“sweat”)
Belfrage 1997:21: jindiba (or kirndiba) (noun) (“sweat”)
\ncos
\na kirndiba-[ ] ngayu dukuku-mba ngaka
\ncna
\ng sweat-NOM 1sg.subj wipe-UNM 1sg.REFL
\ncng Translation: “I wipe sweat from myself”
\ft ka”kaliba
\or
\ncr Informant's pronunciation approaches kakalijba (standard orthography). See
note on vowel glide allophones in "Garawa Phonemes and Orthography"
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg laugh
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:25: kakalijba (intrans verb) (“laugh”)
\ncos
\na kakali-jba
\ncna
\ng laugh-UNM
\ncng Translation: “to laugh”
\ft ngayu y[ae]nbaya
\or
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recording: ngayu yanybaya.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft Flint’s original transcription: ae is written in above the first a of
yanbaya (possibly as a correction). ae reflects the informant’s pronunciation
more closely.
\ncft The word nirwa appears to be connected with this elicitation item in
Flint’s transcript. nirwa is not glossed in Flint’s transcription, and is not
mentioned on the recording.
\fg speak (I speak)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:76: yanyba (intrans verb) (“speak, talk”)
\ncos
\os Osborne 1966:14:
”yanba ”janga
talk ?-I
I’m talking
\na ngayu yany-ba=ya
\ncna
\ng 1sg.subj speak-UNM=YA
\ncng See note on =YA in “Garawa Grammar”
\ncng Translation: "I speak"
\ft ’baja”liba nayu nujbu
\or ’baja”libanga; ’baja”libanga(2); nujbu; nujbu(2)
\ncr ’baja”liba nayu nujbu ("flint's transcription" field): Informant’s
pronunciation approaches bajalijba ngayu ngujbu[l] (standard orthography), and a
similar pronunciation applies to the various tokens in the "other recordings"
field). See note on vowel glide allophones in “Garawa Phonemes and Orthography”.
\ncr ’baja”libanga and ’baja”libanga(2) ("other recordings" field): These have
been transcribed here as heard on the recording.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg ’baja”liba nayu nujbu
smell I [stink]
\ncfg
\fft smell a stink (I smell a stink)
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:1: bajalijba (trans verb) (“1. smell; 2. sniff the air”)
\ncos
\os Belfrage 1997:58: ngujbul (adj) (“1. decaying; 2. festering”)
\ncos
\na bajali-jba ngayu ngujbul-[ ]
\ncna
\ng smell-UNM 1sg.subj stink-NOM
\ncng Translation: “I smell a stink”
\ft ngu”rujbangayu
\or ngu”rujbangayu(2); ngu”rujba
\ncr ngu”rujbangayu ("flint's transcription" field): standard orthography based
on the recording: ngurujbangayu. See note on vowel glide allophones in “Garawa
Phonemes and Orthography”.
\ncr ngu”rujbangayu(2) ("other recordings" field): informant's pronunciation
sounds like kurujbangayu (standard orthography).
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg pant (to pant, I pant)
\ncfg Elicitation on the recording: "to pant, I pant". On the recording, the
informant says this item means: “knocked up [from] running”.
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:59: ngurujba (intrans verb) ("be tired; be exhausted")
\ncos
\na nguru-jba ngayu
\ncna
\ng be exhausted-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: "I am knocked up [from running]"
\ft ”kur[u]”kurula ngayu
\or ”kur[u]”kurula ; ”kur[u]”kurula(2); ”kur[u]”kurula(3)
\ncr ”kur[u]”kurula (all utterances): In general, informant’s pronunciation
sounds like kulkula (see "other sources" field)
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft It is unclear in Flint’s original transcription as to whether the [u] (in
square brackets here) is intended to be included.
\fg cough (I cough)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:33: kulkula (intrans verb) (“cough”)
\ncos
\na kulkula -[ ] ngayu
\ncna
\ng cough-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I cough”
\ft ku”riijba”ngaka
\or ku”riijba”ngaka(2)
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recordings: kurrijba ngaka. See note on
vowel glide allophones in “Garawa Phonemes and Orthography".
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg scratch oneself ((I) scratch myself)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:37: kurrijba (trans verb) (“1. scratch; 2. dig”)
\ncos
\os Osborne 1966:12: ”kurrijbaja ngaka (“I scratch myself”)
\na kurri-jba ngaka
\ncna
\ng scratch-UNM 1sg.REFL
\ncng Translation: “I scratch myself”
\ft ”jirin bangayu
\or ”jirin bangayu(2)
\ncr ”jirin bangayu(2): ngayu is emphasised here as the informant seeks to
correct Flint’s pronunciation (Flint originally says “”jirin banayu” with an
alveolar nasal rather than a velar nasal).
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recordings: jidinba ngayu
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg squeeze (I squeeze)
\ncfg Gloss on the recording: “to squeeze, I squeeze”
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:21 jididimba (trans verb) (“1. squeeze; 2. pinch”)
\ncos
\na jidin-ba ngayu
\ncna
\ng squeeze-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I squeeze”
\ft ”bariwangaka ”bindaki
\or ”bariwangaka ”bindaki(2); ”bariwangaka; ”bindaki
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recordings: barriwa ngaka bindaki.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg wash myself (“I wash myself”)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Osborne 1966 (various sentences e.g. p14): barriwa is glossed as “already”
or “now”, and it is used in a variety of sentence-types. For example:
”barriwa ”niangka ”kurrijba
already we-refl scratch-ind
We (2 inc.) scratch ourselves. (Osborne 1966:12)
\ncos
\na barriwa ngaka bindaki-[ ]
\ncna
\ng now 1sg.REFL wash-UNM
\ncng Translation: “I wash myself”
\ft ”junku ngayu
\or
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recording: jungku ngayu
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg sit (I sit)
\ncfg On the recording: “to sit; I am sitting; I sit”
\fft
\ncfft
\os
\ncos
\na jungku-[ ] ngayu
\ncna
\ng sit-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I sit”
\ft maajba
\or maajba(2)
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recordings: mardba.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg stand up (“to stand up”)
\ncfg On the recording: “to stand up, I stand up”
\fft
\ncfft
\os
\ncos
\na mard-ba
\ncna
\ng stand up-UNM
\ncng Translation: “to stand up”
\ft miring”ijba ngayu
\or miring”ijba ngayu(2)
\ncr miring”ijba (\ft and "other recordings" fields): the informant’s
pronunciation approaches mirrnginyba (standard orthography). Flint, in his
repetition, also appears to include a nasal in this last consonant cluster of
the word.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg lie on one’s side (lie on my side)
\ncfg
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:47: mirrnginyba (intrans verb) (“lie on side, head propped up
on hand and elbow”)
\ncos
\na mirrnginy-ba ngayu
\ncna
\ng lie on side-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I lie on my side”
\ft nang”kiijba ngayu ”kalawunyi
\or nang”kiijba ngayu; nang”kiijba; ”kalawunyi; ”kalawunyi(2); ”kalawunyi(3);
”kalawunyi(4); ”kalawunyi(5)
\ncr
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg nang”kiijbangayu ”kalawunyi
go inside
\ncfg
\fft enter
\ncfft On recording: “enter; go in the house; go in”. The informant says that it
means “going inside”.
\os
\ncos
\na nangki-jba ngayu kalawunyi
\ncna
\ng enter-UNM 1sg.subj inside
\ncng Translation: “I go inside”/"I am going inside"
\ft jilajba ngayu
\or jilajba ngayu(2)
\ncr
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg walk, go
\ncfg On the recording the informant says that jilajba ngayu means “walk”.
\fft
\ncfft
\os
\ncos
\na jila-jba ngayu
\ncna
\ng walk-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I walk”
\ft jilajba ngayu yurukumba
\or barriwa ngayu jilajba yurukumba; yurukumba; yurukumba(2); yurukumba(3)
\ncr barriwa ngayu jilajba yurukumba: The informant originally gives this clause
in reponse to the elicitation item. However, he makes no further mention of
barriwa on the recording, and Flint does not transcribe it. barriwa appears
quite frequently in Osborne’s (1966) data with the gloss “now” or “already”.
\ncr yurukumba (\ft and "other recordings" fields): standard orthography based
on the recordings: yurrkumba.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg go away; has gone away altogether
\ncfg Original elicitation on the recording: “to go away”. The informant says
that this clause means “gone away altogether”.
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:79: yurrngumba (adv) (“always, the whole time”)
\na jila-jba ngayu yurrkumba
\ncna
\ng go-UNM 1sg.subj for always
\ncng Translation: “I have gone away for good”
\ft wiridku ngayu
\or wiridku ngayu(2); wiridku ngayu(3); wiridku ngayu(4); wiridku
\ncr wiridku: The informant's pronunciation sounds like wirlku in a number of
these utterances. See "other sources" field.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg run
\ncfg gloss on the recording: “to run; run”
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:69: wilku or wirlku (intrans verb) ("run")
\ncos
\os Osborne 1966:4,14: "wirku (run) and "wi[r]ku (run), both appearing in the
sentence "I'm running". The status of the rhotic in the p14 example is unclear,
as Osborne uses ordinary r, rather than the upside down r or the flap symbol
which he lists in his phoneme inventory to represent the approximant and the
flap respectively.
\ncos
\na wirlku-[ ] ngayu
\ncna
\ng run-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I run”
\ft banja bangayu
\or
\ncr The informant’s pronunciation corresponds more closely to banjarrbangayu
(standard orthography) (see "other sources" field).
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg swim
\ncfg On the recording: “to swim; I swim”
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:3: banjarrba (intrans vb) (“swim”).
\ncos
\na banjarr-ba ngayu
\ncna
\ng swim-UNM 1sg.subj
\ncng Translation: “I swim”
\ft kirijbi
\or kirijbi kIngkarI; kirijbi(2); kirijbi(3)
\ncr The informant first gives kirijbi kIngkarI (meaning “climb upwards” (see
"other sources" field)) in response to the elicitation. However, he does not
repeat kIngkarI, and gives just kirijbi (“climb”) several times. Flint does not
transcribe kIngkarI.
\ncr Standard orthography based on the recordings: kirrijbi kingkarri
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg climb
\ncfg On the recording: “climb; to climb the tree”.
\fft
\ncfft
\os Belfrage 1997:31: kirrijba (intrans vb) (“climb, ascend”)
Belfrage 1997:30: kingkarri (adv) (“upwards”)
\ncos
\na kirri-jbi
\ncna
\ng climb-UNM:IMP
\ncng Word-final i may express the imperative mood (see note on the imperative
in “Garawa Grammar”). For a number of verbs, the informant gives this
[apparently] imperative construction in response to an indicative elicitation
verb. Although the recording sometimes suggests an imperative interpretation
(e.g. the wording of Flint's elicitation, or the informant's tone), the
significance of this "-i" construction is not entirely clear. It may simply be a
citation form ("to verb")
\ncng Translation: “Climb the tree!”
\ft bulbu nkijbi kIngkar[I] murikari
\or bulbu nkijb[a] [….] kIngkar[I] murikari;
bulbu nkijb[a] [….] kIngkar[I] murikari(2);
bulbu nkijbi kIngkar[I] murikari(3); bulbu nkijbi; murikari.
\ncr bulbu nkijb[a] [….] kIngkarI murikari ("other recordings" field) is the
informant’s first utterance of the sentence. His pronunciation is rapid and
unclear, and contains some unintelligible material preceding kIngkarI. The entry
bulbu nkijb[a] [….] kIngkarI murikari(2) is also unclear.
\ncr bulbu nkijbi kIngkar[I] murikari ("flint's transcription" field) (and other
tokens of the same words in "other recordings" field): standard orthography
based on the recordings: bulbu ngijbi kingkarri murrikarri.
\sd verbs and sentences
\ncft
\fg bulbu nkijbi kIngkarI murikari
get up __________ motorcar
\ncfg
\fft get up on
\ncfft No full written translation given. Elicitation sentence on recording: “I
get up on the car; to get up on”.
\os Belfrage 1997:30: kingkarri (adv) (“upwards”)
\ncos
\os Belfrage 1997:8: bulbungijba (intrans verb) (“jump”)
\ncos
\na bulbungi-jbi kingkarri murrika-rri
\ncna
\ng jump-UNM:IMP upwards motor car-ALL
\ncng Word-final i may express the imperative mood (see note on the imperative
in “Garawa Grammar”). For a number of verbs, the informant gives this
[apparently] imperative construction in response to an indicative elicitation
verb. Although the recording sometimes suggests an imperative interpretation
(e.g. the wording of Flint's elicitation, or the informant's tone), the
significance of this "-i" construction is not entirely clear. It may simply be a
citation form ("to verb")
\ncng -rri is the allative suffix (Furby & Furby 1977:4, Chart 1)
\ncng Translation: “Jump up on the car!”